.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

==========
Netconsole
==========


started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>, 2001.09.17

2.6 port and netpoll api by Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>, Sep 9 2003

IPv6 support by Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>, Jan 1 2013

Extended console support by Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>, May 1 2015

Release prepend support by Breno Leitao <leitao@debian.org>, Jul 7 2023

Userdata append support by Matthew Wood <thepacketgeek@gmail.com>, Jan 22 2024

Please send bug reports to Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Satyam Sharma <satyam.sharma@gmail.com>, and Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>

Introduction:
=============

This module logs kernel printk messages over UDP allowing debugging of
problem where disk logging fails and serial consoles are impractical.

It can be used either built-in or as a module. As a built-in,
netconsole initializes immediately after NIC cards and will bring up
the specified interface as soon as possible. While this doesn't allow
capture of early kernel panics, it does capture most of the boot
process.

Sender and receiver configuration:
==================================

It takes a string configuration parameter "netconsole" in the
following format::

 netconsole=[+][r][src-port]@[src-ip]/[<dev>],[tgt-port]@<tgt-ip>/[tgt-macaddr]

   where
	+             if present, enable extended console support
	r             if present, prepend kernel version (release) to the message
	src-port      source for UDP packets (defaults to 6665)
	src-ip        source IP to use (interface address)
	dev           network interface (eth0)
	tgt-port      port for logging agent (6666)
	tgt-ip        IP address for logging agent
	tgt-macaddr   ethernet MAC address for logging agent (broadcast)

Examples::

 linux netconsole=4444@10.0.0.1/eth1,9353@10.0.0.2/12:34:56:78:9a:bc

or::

 insmod netconsole netconsole=@/,@10.0.0.2/

or using IPv6::

 insmod netconsole netconsole=@/,@fd00:1:2:3::1/

It also supports logging to multiple remote agents by specifying
parameters for the multiple agents separated by semicolons and the
complete string enclosed in "quotes", thusly::

 modprobe netconsole netconsole="@/,@10.0.0.2/;@/eth1,6892@10.0.0.3/"

Built-in netconsole starts immediately after the TCP stack is
initialized and attempts to bring up the supplied dev at the supplied
address.

The remote host has several options to receive the kernel messages,
for example:

1) syslogd

2) netcat

   On distributions using a BSD-based netcat version (e.g. Fedora,
   openSUSE and Ubuntu) the listening port must be specified without
   the -p switch::

	nc -u -l -p <port>' / 'nc -u -l <port>

    or::

	netcat -u -l -p <port>' / 'netcat -u -l <port>

3) socat

::

   socat udp-recv:<port> -

Dynamic reconfiguration:
========================

Dynamic reconfigurability is a useful addition to netconsole that enables
remote logging targets to be dynamically added, removed, or have their
parameters reconfigured at runtime from a configfs-based userspace interface.

To include this feature, select CONFIG_NETCONSOLE_DYNAMIC when building the
netconsole module (or kernel, if netconsole is built-in).

Some examples follow (where configfs is mounted at the /sys/kernel/config
mountpoint).

To add a remote logging target (target names can be arbitrary)::

 cd /sys/kernel/config/netconsole/
 mkdir target1

Note that newly created targets have default parameter values (as mentioned
above) and are disabled by default -- they must first be enabled by writing
"1" to the "enabled" attribute (usually after setting parameters accordingly)
as described below.

To remove a target::

 rmdir /sys/kernel/config/netconsole/othertarget/

The interface exposes these parameters of a netconsole target to userspace:

	==============  =================================       ============
	enabled		Is this target currently enabled?	(read-write)
	extended	Extended mode enabled			(read-write)
	release		Prepend kernel release to message	(read-write)
	dev_name	Local network interface name		(read-write)
	local_port	Source UDP port to use			(read-write)
	remote_port	Remote agent's UDP port			(read-write)
	local_ip	Source IP address to use		(read-write)
	remote_ip	Remote agent's IP address		(read-write)
	local_mac	Local interface's MAC address		(read-only)
	remote_mac	Remote agent's MAC address		(read-write)
	==============  =================================       ============

The "enabled" attribute is also used to control whether the parameters of
a target can be updated or not -- you can modify the parameters of only
disabled targets (i.e. if "enabled" is 0).

To update a target's parameters::

 cat enabled				# check if enabled is 1
 echo 0 > enabled			# disable the target (if required)
 echo eth2 > dev_name			# set local interface
 echo 10.0.0.4 > remote_ip		# update some parameter
 echo cb:a9:87:65:43:21 > remote_mac	# update more parameters
 echo 1 > enabled			# enable target again

You can also update the local interface dynamically. This is especially
useful if you want to use interfaces that have newly come up (and may not
have existed when netconsole was loaded / initialized).

Netconsole targets defined at boot time (or module load time) with the
`netconsole=` param are assigned the name `cmdline<index>`.  For example, the
first target in the parameter is named `cmdline0`.  You can control and modify
these targets by creating configfs directories with the matching name.

Let's suppose you have two netconsole targets defined at boot time::

 netconsole=4444@10.0.0.1/eth1,9353@10.0.0.2/12:34:56:78:9a:bc;4444@10.0.0.1/eth1,9353@10.0.0.3/12:34:56:78:9a:bc

You can modify these targets in runtime by creating the following targets::

 mkdir cmdline0
 cat cmdline0/remote_ip
 10.0.0.2

 mkdir cmdline1
 cat cmdline1/remote_ip
 10.0.0.3

Append User Data
----------------

Custom user data can be appended to the end of messages with netconsole
dynamic configuration enabled. User data entries can be modified without
changing the "enabled" attribute of a target.

Directories (keys) under `userdata` are limited to 53 character length, and
data in `userdata/<key>/value` are limited to 200 bytes::

 cd /sys/kernel/config/netconsole && mkdir cmdline0
 cd cmdline0
 mkdir userdata/foo
 echo bar > userdata/foo/value
 mkdir userdata/qux
 echo baz > userdata/qux/value

Messages will now include this additional user data::

 echo "This is a message" > /dev/kmsg

Sends::

 12,607,22085407756,-;This is a message
  foo=bar
  qux=baz

Preview the userdata that will be appended with::

 cd /sys/kernel/config/netconsole/cmdline0/userdata
 for f in `ls userdata`; do echo $f=$(cat userdata/$f/value); done

If a `userdata` entry is created but no data is written to the `value` file,
the entry will be omitted from netconsole messages::

 cd /sys/kernel/config/netconsole && mkdir cmdline0
 cd cmdline0
 mkdir userdata/foo
 echo bar > userdata/foo/value
 mkdir userdata/qux

The `qux` key is omitted since it has no value::

 echo "This is a message" > /dev/kmsg
 12,607,22085407756,-;This is a message
  foo=bar

Delete `userdata` entries with `rmdir`::

 rmdir /sys/kernel/config/netconsole/cmdline0/userdata/qux

.. warning::
   When writing strings to user data values, input is broken up per line in
   configfs store calls and this can cause confusing behavior::

     mkdir userdata/testing
     printf "val1\nval2" > userdata/testing/value
     # userdata store value is called twice, first with "val1\n" then "val2"
     # so "val2" is stored, being the last value stored
     cat userdata/testing/value
     val2

   It is recommended to not write user data values with newlines.

Extended console:
=================

If '+' is prefixed to the configuration line or "extended" config file
is set to 1, extended console support is enabled. An example boot
param follows::

 linux netconsole=+4444@10.0.0.1/eth1,9353@10.0.0.2/12:34:56:78:9a:bc

Log messages are transmitted with extended metadata header in the
following format which is the same as /dev/kmsg::

 <level>,<sequnum>,<timestamp>,<contflag>;<message text>

If 'r' (release) feature is enabled, the kernel release version is
prepended to the start of the message. Example::

 6.4.0,6,444,501151268,-;netconsole: network logging started

Non printable characters in <message text> are escaped using "\xff"
notation. If the message contains optional dictionary, verbatim
newline is used as the delimiter.

If a message doesn't fit in certain number of bytes (currently 1000),
the message is split into multiple fragments by netconsole. These
fragments are transmitted with "ncfrag" header field added::

 ncfrag=<byte-offset>/<total-bytes>

For example, assuming a lot smaller chunk size, a message "the first
chunk, the 2nd chunk." may be split as follows::

 6,416,1758426,-,ncfrag=0/31;the first chunk,
 6,416,1758426,-,ncfrag=16/31; the 2nd chunk.

Miscellaneous notes:
====================

.. Warning::

   the default target ethernet setting uses the broadcast
   ethernet address to send packets, which can cause increased load on
   other systems on the same ethernet segment.

.. Tip::

   some LAN switches may be configured to suppress ethernet broadcasts
   so it is advised to explicitly specify the remote agents' MAC addresses
   from the config parameters passed to netconsole.

.. Tip::

   to find out the MAC address of, say, 10.0.0.2, you may try using::

	ping -c 1 10.0.0.2 ; /sbin/arp -n | grep 10.0.0.2

.. Tip::

   in case the remote logging agent is on a separate LAN subnet than
   the sender, it is suggested to try specifying the MAC address of the
   default gateway (you may use /sbin/route -n to find it out) as the
   remote MAC address instead.

.. note::

   the network device (eth1 in the above case) can run any kind
   of other network traffic, netconsole is not intrusive. Netconsole
   might cause slight delays in other traffic if the volume of kernel
   messages is high, but should have no other impact.

.. note::

   if you find that the remote logging agent is not receiving or
   printing all messages from the sender, it is likely that you have set
   the "console_loglevel" parameter (on the sender) to only send high
   priority messages to the console. You can change this at runtime using::

	dmesg -n 8

   or by specifying "debug" on the kernel command line at boot, to send
   all kernel messages to the console. A specific value for this parameter
   can also be set using the "loglevel" kernel boot option. See the
   dmesg(8) man page and Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst
   for details.

Netconsole was designed to be as instantaneous as possible, to
enable the logging of even the most critical kernel bugs. It works
from IRQ contexts as well, and does not enable interrupts while
sending packets. Due to these unique needs, configuration cannot
be more automatic, and some fundamental limitations will remain:
only IP networks, UDP packets and ethernet devices are supported.