.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
.. Copyright (C) 2019, Google LLC.

The Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer (KCSAN)
========================================

The Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer (KCSAN) is a dynamic race detector, which
relies on compile-time instrumentation, and uses a watchpoint-based sampling
approach to detect races. KCSAN's primary purpose is to detect `data races`_.

Usage
-----

KCSAN is supported by both GCC and Clang. With GCC we require version 11 or
later, and with Clang also require version 11 or later.

To enable KCSAN configure the kernel with::

    CONFIG_KCSAN = y

KCSAN provides several other configuration options to customize behaviour (see
the respective help text in ``lib/Kconfig.kcsan`` for more info).

Error reports
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A typical data race report looks like this::

    ==================================================================
    BUG: KCSAN: data-race in test_kernel_read / test_kernel_write

    write to 0xffffffffc009a628 of 8 bytes by task 487 on cpu 0:
     test_kernel_write+0x1d/0x30
     access_thread+0x89/0xd0
     kthread+0x23e/0x260
     ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30

    read to 0xffffffffc009a628 of 8 bytes by task 488 on cpu 6:
     test_kernel_read+0x10/0x20
     access_thread+0x89/0xd0
     kthread+0x23e/0x260
     ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30

    value changed: 0x00000000000009a6 -> 0x00000000000009b2

    Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on:
    CPU: 6 PID: 488 Comm: access_thread Not tainted 5.12.0-rc2+ #1
    Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-2 04/01/2014
    ==================================================================

The header of the report provides a short summary of the functions involved in
the race. It is followed by the access types and stack traces of the 2 threads
involved in the data race. If KCSAN also observed a value change, the observed
old value and new value are shown on the "value changed" line respectively.

The other less common type of data race report looks like this::

    ==================================================================
    BUG: KCSAN: data-race in test_kernel_rmw_array+0x71/0xd0

    race at unknown origin, with read to 0xffffffffc009bdb0 of 8 bytes by task 515 on cpu 2:
     test_kernel_rmw_array+0x71/0xd0
     access_thread+0x89/0xd0
     kthread+0x23e/0x260
     ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30

    value changed: 0x0000000000002328 -> 0x0000000000002329

    Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on:
    CPU: 2 PID: 515 Comm: access_thread Not tainted 5.12.0-rc2+ #1
    Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-2 04/01/2014
    ==================================================================

This report is generated where it was not possible to determine the other
racing thread, but a race was inferred due to the data value of the watched
memory location having changed. These reports always show a "value changed"
line. A common reason for reports of this type are missing instrumentation in
the racing thread, but could also occur due to e.g. DMA accesses. Such reports
are shown only if ``CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_RACE_UNKNOWN_ORIGIN=y``, which is
enabled by default.

Selective analysis
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It may be desirable to disable data race detection for specific accesses,
functions, compilation units, or entire subsystems.  For static blacklisting,
the below options are available:

* KCSAN understands the ``data_race(expr)`` annotation, which tells KCSAN that
  any data races due to accesses in ``expr`` should be ignored and resulting
  behaviour when encountering a data race is deemed safe.  Please see
  `"Marking Shared-Memory Accesses" in the LKMM`_ for more information.

* Disabling data race detection for entire functions can be accomplished by
  using the function attribute ``__no_kcsan``::

    __no_kcsan
    void foo(void) {
        ...

  To dynamically limit for which functions to generate reports, see the
  `DebugFS interface`_ blacklist/whitelist feature.

* To disable data race detection for a particular compilation unit, add to the
  ``Makefile``::

    KCSAN_SANITIZE_file.o := n

* To disable data race detection for all compilation units listed in a
  ``Makefile``, add to the respective ``Makefile``::

    KCSAN_SANITIZE := n

.. _"Marking Shared-Memory Accesses" in the LKMM: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/tools/memory-model/Documentation/access-marking.txt

Furthermore, it is possible to tell KCSAN to show or hide entire classes of
data races, depending on preferences. These can be changed via the following
Kconfig options:

* ``CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_VALUE_CHANGE_ONLY``: If enabled and a conflicting write
  is observed via a watchpoint, but the data value of the memory location was
  observed to remain unchanged, do not report the data race.

* ``CONFIG_KCSAN_ASSUME_PLAIN_WRITES_ATOMIC``: Assume that plain aligned writes
  up to word size are atomic by default. Assumes that such writes are not
  subject to unsafe compiler optimizations resulting in data races. The option
  causes KCSAN to not report data races due to conflicts where the only plain
  accesses are aligned writes up to word size.

* ``CONFIG_KCSAN_PERMISSIVE``: Enable additional permissive rules to ignore
  certain classes of common data races. Unlike the above, the rules are more
  complex involving value-change patterns, access type, and address. This
  option depends on ``CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_VALUE_CHANGE_ONLY=y``. For details
  please see the ``kernel/kcsan/permissive.h``. Testers and maintainers that
  only focus on reports from specific subsystems and not the whole kernel are
  recommended to disable this option.

To use the strictest possible rules, select ``CONFIG_KCSAN_STRICT=y``, which
configures KCSAN to follow the Linux-kernel memory consistency model (LKMM) as
closely as possible.

DebugFS interface
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The file ``/sys/kernel/debug/kcsan`` provides the following interface:

* Reading ``/sys/kernel/debug/kcsan`` returns various runtime statistics.

* Writing ``on`` or ``off`` to ``/sys/kernel/debug/kcsan`` allows turning KCSAN
  on or off, respectively.

* Writing ``!some_func_name`` to ``/sys/kernel/debug/kcsan`` adds
  ``some_func_name`` to the report filter list, which (by default) blacklists
  reporting data races where either one of the top stackframes are a function
  in the list.

* Writing either ``blacklist`` or ``whitelist`` to ``/sys/kernel/debug/kcsan``
  changes the report filtering behaviour. For example, the blacklist feature
  can be used to silence frequently occurring data races; the whitelist feature
  can help with reproduction and testing of fixes.

Tuning performance
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Core parameters that affect KCSAN's overall performance and bug detection
ability are exposed as kernel command-line arguments whose defaults can also be
changed via the corresponding Kconfig options.

* ``kcsan.skip_watch`` (``CONFIG_KCSAN_SKIP_WATCH``): Number of per-CPU memory
  operations to skip, before another watchpoint is set up. Setting up
  watchpoints more frequently will result in the likelihood of races to be
  observed to increase. This parameter has the most significant impact on
  overall system performance and race detection ability.

* ``kcsan.udelay_task`` (``CONFIG_KCSAN_UDELAY_TASK``): For tasks, the
  microsecond delay to stall execution after a watchpoint has been set up.
  Larger values result in the window in which we may observe a race to
  increase.

* ``kcsan.udelay_interrupt`` (``CONFIG_KCSAN_UDELAY_INTERRUPT``): For
  interrupts, the microsecond delay to stall execution after a watchpoint has
  been set up. Interrupts have tighter latency requirements, and their delay
  should generally be smaller than the one chosen for tasks.

They may be tweaked at runtime via ``/sys/module/kcsan/parameters/``.

Data Races
----------

In an execution, two memory accesses form a *data race* if they *conflict*,
they happen concurrently in different threads, and at least one of them is a
*plain access*; they *conflict* if both access the same memory location, and at
least one is a write. For a more thorough discussion and definition, see `"Plain
Accesses and Data Races" in the LKMM`_.

.. _"Plain Accesses and Data Races" in the LKMM: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt#n1922

Relationship with the Linux-Kernel Memory Consistency Model (LKMM)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The LKMM defines the propagation and ordering rules of various memory
operations, which gives developers the ability to reason about concurrent code.
Ultimately this allows to determine the possible executions of concurrent code,
and if that code is free from data races.

KCSAN is aware of *marked atomic operations* (``READ_ONCE``, ``WRITE_ONCE``,
``atomic_*``, etc.), and a subset of ordering guarantees implied by memory
barriers. With ``CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY=y``, KCSAN models load or store
buffering, and can detect missing ``smp_mb()``, ``smp_wmb()``, ``smp_rmb()``,
``smp_store_release()``, and all ``atomic_*`` operations with equivalent
implied barriers.

Note, KCSAN will not report all data races due to missing memory ordering,
specifically where a memory barrier would be required to prohibit subsequent
memory operation from reordering before the barrier. Developers should
therefore carefully consider the required memory ordering requirements that
remain unchecked.

Race Detection Beyond Data Races
--------------------------------

For code with complex concurrency design, race-condition bugs may not always
manifest as data races. Race conditions occur if concurrently executing
operations result in unexpected system behaviour. On the other hand, data races
are defined at the C-language level. The following macros can be used to check
properties of concurrent code where bugs would not manifest as data races.

.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/kcsan-checks.h
    :functions: ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE_WRITER ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE_WRITER_SCOPED
                ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE_ACCESS ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE_ACCESS_SCOPED
                ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE_BITS

Implementation Details
----------------------

KCSAN relies on observing that two accesses happen concurrently. Crucially, we
want to (a) increase the chances of observing races (especially for races that
manifest rarely), and (b) be able to actually observe them. We can accomplish
(a) by injecting various delays, and (b) by using address watchpoints (or
breakpoints).

If we deliberately stall a memory access, while we have a watchpoint for its
address set up, and then observe the watchpoint to fire, two accesses to the
same address just raced. Using hardware watchpoints, this is the approach taken
in `DataCollider
<http://usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi10/tech/full_papers/Erickson.pdf>`_.
Unlike DataCollider, KCSAN does not use hardware watchpoints, but instead
relies on compiler instrumentation and "soft watchpoints".

In KCSAN, watchpoints are implemented using an efficient encoding that stores
access type, size, and address in a long; the benefits of using "soft
watchpoints" are portability and greater flexibility. KCSAN then relies on the
compiler instrumenting plain accesses. For each instrumented plain access:

1. Check if a matching watchpoint exists; if yes, and at least one access is a
   write, then we encountered a racing access.

2. Periodically, if no matching watchpoint exists, set up a watchpoint and
   stall for a small randomized delay.

3. Also check the data value before the delay, and re-check the data value
   after delay; if the values mismatch, we infer a race of unknown origin.

To detect data races between plain and marked accesses, KCSAN also annotates
marked accesses, but only to check if a watchpoint exists; i.e. KCSAN never
sets up a watchpoint on marked accesses. By never setting up watchpoints for
marked operations, if all accesses to a variable that is accessed concurrently
are properly marked, KCSAN will never trigger a watchpoint and therefore never
report the accesses.

Modeling Weak Memory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

KCSAN's approach to detecting data races due to missing memory barriers is
based on modeling access reordering (with ``CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY=y``).
Each plain memory access for which a watchpoint is set up, is also selected for
simulated reordering within the scope of its function (at most 1 in-flight
access).

Once an access has been selected for reordering, it is checked along every
other access until the end of the function scope. If an appropriate memory
barrier is encountered, the access will no longer be considered for simulated
reordering.

When the result of a memory operation should be ordered by a barrier, KCSAN can
then detect data races where the conflict only occurs as a result of a missing
barrier. Consider the example::

    int x, flag;
    void T1(void)
    {
        x = 1;                  // data race!
        WRITE_ONCE(flag, 1);    // correct: smp_store_release(&flag, 1)
    }
    void T2(void)
    {
        while (!READ_ONCE(flag));   // correct: smp_load_acquire(&flag)
        ... = x;                    // data race!
    }

When weak memory modeling is enabled, KCSAN can consider ``x`` in ``T1`` for
simulated reordering. After the write of ``flag``, ``x`` is again checked for
concurrent accesses: because ``T2`` is able to proceed after the write of
``flag``, a data race is detected. With the correct barriers in place, ``x``
would not be considered for reordering after the proper release of ``flag``,
and no data race would be detected.

Deliberate trade-offs in complexity but also practical limitations mean only a
subset of data races due to missing memory barriers can be detected. With
currently available compiler support, the implementation is limited to modeling
the effects of "buffering" (delaying accesses), since the runtime cannot
"prefetch" accesses. Also recall that watchpoints are only set up for plain
accesses, and the only access type for which KCSAN simulates reordering. This
means reordering of marked accesses is not modeled.

A consequence of the above is that acquire operations do not require barrier
instrumentation (no prefetching). Furthermore, marked accesses introducing
address or control dependencies do not require special handling (the marked
access cannot be reordered, later dependent accesses cannot be prefetched).

Key Properties
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. **Memory Overhead:**  The overall memory overhead is only a few MiB
   depending on configuration. The current implementation uses a small array of
   longs to encode watchpoint information, which is negligible.

2. **Performance Overhead:** KCSAN's runtime aims to be minimal, using an
   efficient watchpoint encoding that does not require acquiring any shared
   locks in the fast-path. For kernel boot on a system with 8 CPUs:

   - 5.0x slow-down with the default KCSAN config;
   - 2.8x slow-down from runtime fast-path overhead only (set very large
     ``KCSAN_SKIP_WATCH`` and unset ``KCSAN_SKIP_WATCH_RANDOMIZE``).

3. **Annotation Overheads:** Minimal annotations are required outside the KCSAN
   runtime. As a result, maintenance overheads are minimal as the kernel
   evolves.

4. **Detects Racy Writes from Devices:** Due to checking data values upon
   setting up watchpoints, racy writes from devices can also be detected.

5. **Memory Ordering:** KCSAN is aware of only a subset of LKMM ordering rules;
   this may result in missed data races (false negatives).

6. **Analysis Accuracy:** For observed executions, due to using a sampling
   strategy, the analysis is *unsound* (false negatives possible), but aims to
   be complete (no false positives).

Alternatives Considered
-----------------------

An alternative data race detection approach for the kernel can be found in the
`Kernel Thread Sanitizer (KTSAN) <https://github.com/google/ktsan/wiki>`_.
KTSAN is a happens-before data race detector, which explicitly establishes the
happens-before order between memory operations, which can then be used to
determine data races as defined in `Data Races`_.

To build a correct happens-before relation, KTSAN must be aware of all ordering
rules of the LKMM and synchronization primitives. Unfortunately, any omission
leads to large numbers of false positives, which is especially detrimental in
the context of the kernel which includes numerous custom synchronization
mechanisms. To track the happens-before relation, KTSAN's implementation
requires metadata for each memory location (shadow memory), which for each page
corresponds to 4 pages of shadow memory, and can translate into overhead of
tens of GiB on a large system.