Documentation/leds/leds-class.rst

========================
LED handling under Linux
========================

In its simplest form, the LED class just allows control of LEDs from
userspace. LEDs appear in /sys/class/leds/. The maximum brightness of the
LED is defined in max_brightness file. The brightness file will set the brightness
of the LED (taking a value 0-max_brightness). Most LEDs don't have hardware
brightness support so will just be turned on for non-zero brightness settings.

The class also introduces the optional concept of an LED trigger. A trigger
is a kernel based source of led events. Triggers can either be simple or
complex. A simple trigger isn't configurable and is designed to slot into
existing subsystems with minimal additional code. Examples are the disk-activity,
nand-disk and sharpsl-charge triggers. With led triggers disabled, the code
optimises away.

Complex triggers while available to all LEDs have LED specific
parameters and work on a per LED basis. The timer trigger is an example.
The timer trigger will periodically change the LED brightness between
LED_OFF and the current brightness setting. The "on" and "off" time can
be specified via /sys/class/leds/<device>/delay_{on,off} in milliseconds.
You can change the brightness value of a LED independently of the timer
trigger. However, if you set the brightness value to LED_OFF it will
also disable the timer trigger.

You can change triggers in a similar manner to the way an IO scheduler
is chosen (via /sys/class/leds/<device>/trigger). Trigger specific
parameters can appear in /sys/class/leds/<device> once a given trigger is
selected.


Design Philosophy
=================

The underlying design philosophy is simplicity. LEDs are simple devices
and the aim is to keep a small amount of code giving as much functionality
as possible.  Please keep this in mind when suggesting enhancements.


LED Device Naming
=================

Is currently of the form:

	"devicename:color:function"

- devicename:
        it should refer to a unique identifier created by the kernel,
        like e.g. phyN for network devices or inputN for input devices, rather
        than to the hardware; the information related to the product and the bus
        to which given device is hooked is available in sysfs and can be
        retrieved using get_led_device_info.sh script from tools/leds; generally
        this section is expected mostly for LEDs that are somehow associated with
        other devices.

- color:
        one of LED_COLOR_ID_* definitions from the header
        include/dt-bindings/leds/common.h.

- function:
        one of LED_FUNCTION_* definitions from the header
        include/dt-bindings/leds/common.h.

If required color or function is missing, please submit a patch
to linux-leds@vger.kernel.org.

It is possible that more than one LED with the same color and function will
be required for given platform, differing only with an ordinal number.
In this case it is preferable to just concatenate the predefined LED_FUNCTION_*
name with required "-N" suffix in the driver. fwnode based drivers can use
function-enumerator property for that and then the concatenation will be handled
automatically by the LED core upon LED class device registration.

LED subsystem has also a protection against name clash, that may occur
when LED class device is created by a driver of hot-pluggable device and
it doesn't provide unique devicename section. In this case numerical
suffix (e.g. "_1", "_2", "_3" etc.) is added to the requested LED class
device name.

There might be still LED class drivers around using vendor or product name
for devicename, but this approach is now deprecated as it doesn't convey
any added value. Product information can be found in other places in sysfs
(see tools/leds/get_led_device_info.sh).

Examples of proper LED names:

  - "red:disk"
  - "white:flash"
  - "red:indicator"
  - "phy1:green:wlan"
  - "phy3::wlan"
  - ":kbd_backlight"
  - "input5::kbd_backlight"
  - "input3::numlock"
  - "input3::scrolllock"
  - "input3::capslock"
  - "mmc1::status"
  - "white:status"

get_led_device_info.sh script can be used for verifying if the LED name
meets the requirements pointed out here. It performs validation of the LED class
devicename sections and gives hints on expected value for a section in case
the validation fails for it. So far the script supports validation
of associations between LEDs and following types of devices:

        - input devices
        - ieee80211 compliant USB devices

The script is open to extensions.

There have been calls for LED properties such as color to be exported as
individual led class attributes. As a solution which doesn't incur as much
overhead, I suggest these become part of the device name. The naming scheme
above leaves scope for further attributes should they be needed. If sections
of the name don't apply, just leave that section blank.


Keyboard backlight control LED Device Naming
============================================

For backlit keyboards with a single brightness / color settings a single
(multicolor) LED class device should be used to allow userspace to change
the backlight brightness (and if possible the color). This LED class device
must use "kbd_backlight" for the function part of the LED class device name.
IOW the name must end with ":kbd_backlight".

For backlit keyboards with multiple control zones, one (multicolor) LED class
device should be used per zone. These LED class devices' name must follow:

	"<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-<zone_name>"

and <devicename> must be the same for all zones of the same keyboard.

<zone_name> should be descriptive of which part of the keyboard backlight
the zone covers and should be suitable for userspace to show to an end user
in an UI for controlling the zones.

Where possible <zone_name> should be a value already used by other
zoned keyboards with a similar or identical zone layout, e.g.:

<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-right
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-middle
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-left
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-corners
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-wasd

or:

<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-main
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-cursor
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-numpad
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-corners
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-wasd

Note that this is intended for keyboards with a limited number of zones,
keyboards with per key addressable backlighting must not use LED class devices
since the sysfs API is not suitable for rapidly change multiple LEDs in one
"commit" as is necessary to do animations / special effects on such keyboards.

An exception to the rule that all zones must follow:

	"<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-<zone_name>"

is made for the special case where there is a single big zone which controls
the backlighting of almost all of the keyboard and there are some small areas
with separate control, like just the 4 cursor keys, or the WASD keys. In this
case the main zone should use 'kbd_backlight' for the function part of the name
for compatibility with (older) userspace code which is not aware of
the "kbd_zoned_backlight-<zone_name>" function naming scheme.

While the smaller zones should use the new zoned naming scheme. Such a setup
would result in e.g.:

<devicename>:<color>:kbd_backlight
<devicename>:<color>:kbd_zoned_backlight-wasd

"kbd_zoned_backlight-<zone_name>" aware userspace should be aware of this
exception and check for a main zone with a "kbd_backlight" function-name.


Brightness setting API
======================

LED subsystem core exposes following API for setting brightness:

    - led_set_brightness:
		it is guaranteed not to sleep, passing LED_OFF stops
		blinking,

    - led_set_brightness_sync:
		for use cases when immediate effect is desired -
		it can block the caller for the time required for accessing
		device registers and can sleep, passing LED_OFF stops hardware
		blinking, returns -EBUSY if software blink fallback is enabled.


LED registration API
====================

A driver wanting to register a LED classdev for use by other drivers /
userspace needs to allocate and fill a led_classdev struct and then call
`[devm_]led_classdev_register`. If the non devm version is used the driver
must call led_classdev_unregister from its remove function before
free-ing the led_classdev struct.

If the driver can detect hardware initiated brightness changes and thus
wants to have a brightness_hw_changed attribute then the LED_BRIGHT_HW_CHANGED
flag must be set in flags before registering. Calling
led_classdev_notify_brightness_hw_changed on a classdev not registered with
the LED_BRIGHT_HW_CHANGED flag is a bug and will trigger a WARN_ON.

Hardware accelerated blink of LEDs
==================================

Some LEDs can be programmed to blink without any CPU interaction. To
support this feature, a LED driver can optionally implement the
blink_set() function (see <linux/leds.h>). To set an LED to blinking,
however, it is better to use the API function led_blink_set(), as it
will check and implement software fallback if necessary.

To turn off blinking, use the API function led_brightness_set()
with brightness value LED_OFF, which should stop any software
timers that may have been required for blinking.

The blink_set() function should choose a user friendly blinking value
if it is called with `*delay_on==0` && `*delay_off==0` parameters. In this
case the driver should give back the chosen value through delay_on and
delay_off parameters to the leds subsystem.

Setting the brightness to zero with brightness_set() callback function
should completely turn off the LED and cancel the previously programmed
hardware blinking function, if any.

Hardware driven LEDs
====================

Some LEDs can be programmed to be driven by hardware. This is not
limited to blink but also to turn off or on autonomously.
To support this feature, a LED needs to implement various additional
ops and needs to declare specific support for the supported triggers.

With hw control we refer to the LED driven by hardware.

LED driver must define the following value to support hw control:

    - hw_control_trigger:
               unique trigger name supported by the LED in hw control
               mode.

LED driver must implement the following API to support hw control:
    - hw_control_is_supported:
                check if the flags passed by the supported trigger can
                be parsed and activate hw control on the LED.

                Return 0 if the passed flags mask is supported and
                can be set with hw_control_set().

                If the passed flags mask is not supported -EOPNOTSUPP
                must be returned, the LED trigger will use software
                fallback in this case.

                Return a negative error in case of any other error like
                device not ready or timeouts.

     - hw_control_set:
                activate hw control. LED driver will use the provided
                flags passed from the supported trigger, parse them to
                a set of mode and setup the LED to be driven by hardware
                following the requested modes.

                Set LED_OFF via the brightness_set to deactivate hw control.

                Return 0 on success, a negative error number on failing to
                apply flags.

    - hw_control_get:
                get active modes from a LED already in hw control, parse
                them and set in flags the current active flags for the
                supported trigger.

                Return 0 on success, a negative error number on failing
                parsing the initial mode.
                Error from this function is NOT FATAL as the device may
                be in a not supported initial state by the attached LED
                trigger.

    - hw_control_get_device:
                return the device associated with the LED driver in
                hw control. A trigger might use this to match the
                returned device from this function with a configured
                device for the trigger as the source for blinking
                events and correctly enable hw control.
                (example a netdev trigger configured to blink for a
                particular dev match the returned dev from get_device
                to set hw control)

                Returns a pointer to a struct device or NULL if nothing
                is currently attached.

LED driver can activate additional modes by default to workaround the
impossibility of supporting each different mode on the supported trigger.
Examples are hardcoding the blink speed to a set interval, enable special
feature like bypassing blink if some requirements are not met.

A trigger should first check if the hw control API are supported by the LED
driver and check if the trigger is supported to verify if hw control is possible,
use hw_control_is_supported to check if the flags are supported and only at
the end use hw_control_set to activate hw control.

A trigger can use hw_control_get to check if a LED is already in hw control
and init their flags.

When the LED is in hw control, no software blink is possible and doing so
will effectively disable hw control.

Known Issues
============

The LED Trigger core cannot be a module as the simple trigger functions
would cause nightmare dependency issues. I see this as a minor issue
compared to the benefits the simple trigger functionality brings. The
rest of the LED subsystem can be modular.